The human brain only reluctantly reveals its secrets, from the complexity of neural networks to basic biological functions and structures. Neuroimaging and molecular biology advances have only recently enabled scientists to study the living brain at previously unattainable levels of detail, unlocking many of its mysteries. The most recent discovery, published in the journal Science, is a previously unknown component of brain anatomy that serves as both a protective barrier and a platform for immune cells to monitor the brain for infection and inflammation.